The U.S. Census Bureau has a number data products relevant to this topic. Both the American Community Survey (which you can access through the Social Explorer database) and the Current Population Survey have relevant data regarding income, poverty status, etc. If you're interested in understanding the poverty thresholds utilized in the CPS, the Census Bureau site includes this data as well. Lastly, the Census Bureau has a Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates Program which "produces single-year estimates of income and poverty for all U.S. states and counties as well as estimates of school-age children in poverty for all 13,000+ school districts."
If you're interested in poverty data beyond the U.S. context, The World Bank's World Development Indicators database has a number of indicators that may be relevant. The Statista database also has a number of relevant statistics.
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